12/26/2023 How do sponges get oxygen? What does a sea star use to move around on the ocean floor?Read Now![]() In the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO) sponges form dense aggregations, so called sponge grounds, that provide ecosystem services such as habitat provision, nutrient cycling and provision of novel, bioactive compounds. Their large filter capacity makes them important links in marine food webs as they are able to access nutrient sources that are unavailable to the majority of marine fauna and channel this energy to higher trophic levels. Sponges move large quantities of seawater through their body while efficiently removing dissolved and particulate nutrients. From shallow, warm waters to the dark, cold deep sea. Sponges (Porifera) are among the oldest multicellular animals on planet earth and are abundant throughout all oceans. ![]() ![]() Deep-sea sponges in an Anthropocene ocean
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